1172-85 AD FRANCE Feudal KING RICHARD LIONHEARTED Silver Denier NGC Coin i91597

Description

Item:
i91597
Authentic Coin of:
France
- Fuedal - Anglo-Gaelic - Duchy of Aquitaine
Richard the Lionheart
Silver Denier 19mm, (0.63 grams) Struck between 1172-1185 AD
Reference: PA# 2768, El# 4 , Montlebeau Hoard
Certification:
NGC
AUTHENTIC  5872715-199
+ RICA RDVS ω, Square cross above.
+ AGVITANIE, Encircled square cross.
You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity.
Richard I
(8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199) was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Aquitaine and Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, and Count of Poitiers, Anjou, Maine, and Nantes, and was overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period. He was the third of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine and seemed unlikely to become king, but all his brothers except the youngest, John, predeceased their father. Richard is known as
Richard Cœur de Lion
(Norman French:
Le quor de lion
) or
Richard the Lionheart
because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior. The troubadour Bertran de Born also called him
Richard Oc-e-Non
(Occitan for
Yes and No
), possibly from a reputation for terseness.
By the age of 16, Richard had taken command of his own army, putting down rebellions in Poitou against his father. Richard was an important Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip II of France and achieving considerable victories against his Muslim counterpart, Saladin, although he finalized a peace treaty and ended the campaign without retaking Jerusalem.
Richard probably spoke both French and Occitan. He was born in England, where he spent his childhood; before becoming king, however, he lived most of his adult life in the Duchy of Aquitaine, in the southwest of France. Following his accession, he spent very little time, perhaps as little as six months, in England. Most of his life as king was spent on Crusade, in captivity, or actively defending his lands in France. Rather than regarding his kingdom as a responsibility requiring his presence as ruler, he has been perceived as preferring to use it merely as a source of revenue to support his armies. Nevertheless, he was seen as a pious hero by his subjects. He remains one of the few kings of England remembered more commonly by his epithet than his regnal number, and is an enduring iconic figure both in England and in France.
France
, officially the
French Republic
(French:
République française
), is a
sovereign state
comprising territory in western
Europe
and several
overseas regions and territories
. The European part of France, called
Metropolitan France
, extends from the
Mediterranean Sea
to the
English Channel
and the
North Sea
, and from the
Rhine
to the
Atlantic Ocean
. France spans 640,679 square kilometres (247,368 sq mi) and has a total population of 67 million. It is a
unitary
semi-presidential
republic
with the
capital
in
Paris
, the country's largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. The
Constitution of France
establishes the state as
secular
and democratic, with its sovereignty derived from the people.
During the
Iron Age
, what is now Metropolitan France was inhabited by the
Gauls
, a
Celtic
people. The Gauls were conquered in 51 BC by the
Roman Empire
, which held Gaul until 486. The
Gallo-Romans
faced raids and migration from the
Germanic
Franks
, who dominated the region for hundreds of years, eventually creating the medieval
Kingdom of France
. France emerged as a major European power in the
Late Middle Ages
, with its victory in the
Hundred Years' War
(1337 to 1453) strengthening French
state-building
and paving the way for a future centralized
absolute monarchy
. During the
Renaissance
, France experienced a vast cultural development and established the beginning of a
global colonial empire
. The 16th century was dominated by
religious civil wars
between
Catholics
and
Protestants
(
Huguenots
).
France became Europe's dominant cultural, political, and military power under
Louis XIV
. French philosophers played a key role in the
Age of Enlightenment
during the
18th century
. In
1778
, France became the first and the main ally of the new
United States
in the
American Revolutionary War
. In the late 18th century, the
absolute monarchy
was overthrown in the
French Revolution
. Among its legacies was the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
, one of the earliest documents on
human rights
, which expresses the nation's ideals to this day. France became one of modern history's earliest
republics
until
Napoleon
took power and launched the
First French Empire
in 1804. Fighting against a complex set of coalitions during the
Napoleonic Wars
, he dominated European affairs for over a decade and had a long-lasting impact on Western culture. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments: the
monarchy was restored
, it was replaced in 1830 by a
constitutional monarchy
, then briefly by a
Second Republic
, and then by a
Second Empire
, until a more lasting
French Third Republic
was established in 1870.
By the 1905 law
, France adopted a strict form of
secularism
, called
laïcité
, which has become an important federative
principle
in the modern French society.
France reached its territorial height during the 19th and early 20th centuries, when it ultimately possessed the
second-largest colonial empire
in the world. In
World War I
, France was one of the main winners as part of the
Triple Entente
alliance fighting against the
Central Powers
. France was also one of the
Allied Powers
in
World War II
, but came under
occupation
by the
Axis Powers
in 1940. Following
liberation
in 1944, a
Fourth Republic
was established and later dissolved in the course of the
Algerian War
. The
Fifth Republic
, led by
Charles de Gaulle
, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Following
World War II
, most of the
empire
became
decolonized
.
Throughout its
long history
, France has been a leading global center of culture, making significant contributions to
art
,
science
, and
philosophy
. It hosts Europe's
third-largest
number of cultural
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
(after
Italy
and
Spain
) and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, the most of any country in the world. France remains a
great power
with significant
cultural
,
economic
,
military
, and
political
influence. It is a
developed country
with the world's
sixth-largest economy
by
nominal GDP
and
eight-largest
by
purchasing power parity
. According to
Credit Suisse
, France is the fourth wealthiest nation in the world in terms of aggregate household wealth. It also possesses the world's second-largest
exclusive economic zone
(EEZ), covering 11,035,000 square kilometres (4,261,000 sq mi).
French citizens enjoy a high
standard of living
, and the country performs well in
international rankings
of
education
,
health care
,
life expectancy
, civil liberties, and
human development
. France is a founding member of the
United Nations
, where it serves as one of the five
permanent members of the UN Security Council
. It is a member of the
Group of 7
,
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO),
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD), the
World Trade Organization
(WTO), and
La Francophonie
. France is a
founding
and
leading
member state of the European Union
(EU).
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